List of Species Lab

Tomato
Scientific name: lycopersicon esculentum L
common name: tomato
Interaction: commensal and symbiotic
I think that this species was domesticated over the years from Peru to Mexico and eventully to here. People have used to tomatoe over the years for their seeds for spiritual reasons and to actually eat the tomatoe itself.


Lettuce
Scientific name:lactuca sativa
common name:lettuce
Interaction:commensal and symbiotic
Lettuce actually started out as a weed. It has gotten very domesticated over the years with many uses and Christopher Columbus introduced it into the world.


Corn
Scientific name:zea mays
common name:corn
Interaction:commensal and symbiotic
Corn would not exsist if it werent for humans. I would say it is very much domesticated. If it were not for people planting and protecting corn it would not be here.



Peanuts
Scientific name:Arachis hypogaea L.
common name:peanut
Interaction:mutualistic
The peanut that we know today is very much domesticated. There are several species of the peanut that are still wild but the most common peanut is domesticated


Strawberries
Scientific name:Fragaria virginiana
common name:strawberry
Interaction:commensial and sybiotic
Strawberries are very domesticated. They have been changed and bred over the years to get what we know today as the strawberry. They are one of the only fruits that seed on the outside.


Hay
Scientific name:Medicago sativa ...
common name:hay
Interaction:mutualistic
Interaction:Alfalfa, also known as lucerne in many other countries, is the most important forage crop in the United States. I would say that is domesticated as it was started here in the US.



Rattlesnake
Scientific name:Crotalus lepidus klauberi
common name:snake
Interaction:Predator/prey
They are definately not domesticated.




Grass
Scientific name:Eragrostrum spectablis
common name:grass
Interaction:commensial and sybiotic
I would say that grass is domestic. It was started and grown here in the US and over time people have made different types and uses for grass





Guinea Pig
Scientific name:cavia porcellus.
common name:guinea pig
Interaction:symbiotic
One theory is that the guinea pig was brought here from Europe. They are not from New Guinea and they are not a pig so where it got its name is unknown. I would say that they are domesticated cause they are now pets.



Beta fish
Scientific name:Ikan Bettah
common name:fish
Interaction:commensal
These are a common freshwater fish that I would say is domesticated. I could not find much information on where they originated.



Mice
Scientific name:Mus musculus
common name:mouse
interaction:parasitic
The mouse has definately become domesticated over time. It is used for observations and experiments and have been a controlled specie in that environment. They also are a pest in the wild.



Cat
Scientific name:felis domesticus
common name:cat
Interaction:symbiotic and commensal
Over the years the cat has been domesticated. It was derived from the wild and has been tamed and used for domestic purposes such as pest control and companionship



Dog
Scientific name:canine
common name:dog
Interaction: commensal and sybiotic
The dog has also been domesticated over the years and has several uses such as companionship, working, aid for disabled, protection, law enforcement...ect



Palo verde tree
Scientific name:Cercidium floridum
common name:tree
Interaction:mutualistic
I would not say that this tree is domesticated but it is our state tree.



Horse
Scientific name:equus caballus
common name:horse
Interaction:commensal and sybiotic
The horse is definately domesticated. It originated from what was known as the eohippus which was only about 3 feet tall and had three toes on each foot. It has evolved to what is now known as the horse that has many uses also such as riding, working and pulling a cart


Beef
Scientific name:bovine
Common name:cow
Interaction:predator/prey
They have been said to have been domesticated for over 10000 years. They provide
many things such as meat, milk, and work.

Pork
Scientific name:Sus domesticus
Common name:pig
Interaction:predator/prey
Pigs, also called hogs or swine, are ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food, leather, and similar products since ancient times


Chicken
Scientific name:Gallus domesticus
Common name:chicken
Interaction:symbiotic and commensal
The chicken is definately domesticated. It provides things such as eggs and meat.

Wheat
Scientific name:Triticum aestivum
Common name:wheat
Interaction:symbiotic
The origin of oats is somewhat unclear because there are so many different species and subspecies, which makes identification of old remains very difficult. It is domesticated and has several uses

Flies
Scientific name:Musca domestica
Common name:flies
Interaction:Parasitic
The house fly is found world wide and was first recorded in Hawaii in 1869. It is definately not domesticated and is quite the pest.

Fleas
Scientific name:Ctenocephalides
Common name:fleas
Interaction:parasitic
I am not too sure of their origin and I would not say they were domesticated.Unlike some pests encountered around the home, fleas cause discomfort and irritation to both pets and people. Fleas account for more than half of all dermatological conditions requiring veterinary assistance.

Demographics Online Lab

Country with low fertility rate

Country with high fertility rate

The country I chose for the low fertility rate was Denmark and the rate was 1.70.

The country I chose for the high fertility rate was Etheopia and its rate was 6.91.

The high fertility rate was high in the younger generations. I feel that this is because the younger age groups are the ones that are having more children because lack of knowledge and because it is the growing trend in population growth. They also are producing more offspring than the death rate. The result of this is going to be a increasingly larger and larger population as time goes on.

The low fertiliy rate was in the middle age groups. I feel that this is because it is the younger generations that are having more children these days than the middle age generations. This is due to the use of contraceptives in the middle age group and more knowledge. Also they are too busy trying to make a living to have children.

Young age groups: careless, bored, unmotivated, lack of knowledge, easily influenced by what is seen on tv, lack morals, worried about social status, not caring, no self worth, no sense of reality and work ethic

Middle age group: hard working, focused, more knowlegable, resposible, caring, busy, changing with the times, laid back, motivated

Fetal Developement Lab

This is a lab showing 10 different significant weeks during the duration of a pregnancy.

Week 4

During week 4 the fertilized egg makes it home in the uterus. The sex of the baby is determined by the sperm. At this point in the pregnancy the embryo is about the size of a pin head and is about one-hundredth of an inch long. This is when it starts to develop rapidly.

Week 10
The embryo is now refered to as a fetus. This is when the fetus begins movement as the muscles start to develop. Even though the movement begins at this point you cannot feel it because the fetus is still too small. It is about the size of a small strawberry. The neck is now taking shape and the ears and nose now become visible.

Week 15
This is when the second trimester begins. Movement of the legs and arms are starting and the baby can now make a fist. Toenails and fingernails are now becoming present. Now is when the tastebuds start to develope and he/she can start tasteing meals that the mom is eating. Also the roof of the mouth is completely formed at this time. He/she is approx. 4 in long.

Week 20





This is the mid point of the pregnancy! The baby can now hear and recognize moms voice. This is when you can start to feel the babies movement. This is also when the heart can be heard. The growth of hair on the body begins and the sex of the baby is now apparent. He/she is approx 7 in long.

Week 23
The bone in the inner ear is completely developed. This enables the baby to have a sense of balance and now he/she can move around more frequently. The baby can also suck now.



Week 27








This is when the third trimester begins. At approx. 2 lbs and approx. 14 in. long the baby appears now almost as it will at birth. The eyes can open and close and blink. This is when the retina is developing.

Week 30
The skin starts to smooth out at this point. In boys the testicles start to drop into to groin. They can now control their own body temperature. This is also where they start rapid weight gain and start to actually store the nutrients they are getting from mom. Now approx. 3 lbs and 16 in long.

Week 34


Now is when rapid growth is taking place. The fingernails are completely formed. The ears are now open when the baby is awake and closed when the baby is sleeping. At this point the baby has a good chance of survival outside the womb. At approx. 5.25 lbs and 18 ins long this is when the fat starts to accumulate on the baby.

Week 36
The fetus may start to drop into the birth canal. You also can start to feel contractions. The baby now weighs approx 6 lbs. The kidneys and the liver in the baby start to process things but the lungs still need to develope.

Week 38
Developement of the baby is mostly complete. At this point for the most part the baby has reached its final birht position. Also may have a full head of hair. Moms weight will not increase much from now until the time of birth.

Week 40


This is said to be the final week! Although only about 5 % of women have their baby on the said due date, most women give birth within 2 weeks before or after that date. This is when the baby will settle into the fetal position with his/her head down. The baby is now completely developed and ready to see the world!

Unit 4 Ethical Issue

World Resource Issues

• Third World Countries


• Will there be change


• Should we continue help and change ourselves

The matter of the resources in the US has been a problem on the rise for many years. The US is slowly running out of resources. Even though we are a country of wealth and freedom, there is no regulation on certain thing and as time passes we are using up our resources needed for survival in the future. So how can we regulate these things so generations to come can survive without violating freedom?

Third World Countries

I think that the third world countries are over populated to begin with. With that being said it is all that they know. They do not have the finances to provide proper nutrition and health care and also they cannot afford the contraceptives to change the growth in the population. They also do not have the knowledge to change on their own for it is all that they know to do what they are doing. They consume less than the people here in the US also. Even though we would like to tell them to stop reproducing because it is causing problems throughout the would, we cannot do that.

Will there be change

The people in the US consume more than any other place in the world. Our economy is booming and although the resources are slowly running out the economy is not slowing down. Is it our need to continue to consume in mass quantities or is it our lack of knowledge to change? I think that it has to do with a little bit of both. We cannot tell people to limit the consumption of resources because that is a violation of our rights and freedoms. Also the people just lack the knowledge to change what we know and what we have been used to for so long.

Should we continue help and change ourselves

Even though we would like to get the third world countries out of the slump that they are in, no matter what we do to help them out they will remain in poverty. Where is their governments? They should be the ones trying to improve their countries not us. Although I do think that we should help them out the best that we can I think that no matter what we do things will not change. I also think that changing the way that we do things will not happen either. It is a nice thought to want everyone in this world to live free and healthy and have all the necessities but in reality it will never happen.

Self and Unit Evaluation

REGARDING YOUR OWN PERFORMANCE
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I think that it would be the labs cause I put a lot of effort into them, the reviews because they were beneficial so I got into them, and the quizzes
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?An aspect I think I could have improved on would have been the time in which I gave myself to complete some of the work
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I believe it should be A-B
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
Hard to answer that question cause this was the last unit but I believe I will be able to take this class knowledge to next semester and remember what it is about when taking classes online.


REGARDING THE UNIT
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I felt most engaged with the couse when I was doing the labs

At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
When I was working on all of my other schoolwork online

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
That Mr. Frolich was understanding with everything that was going on in my life during this semester

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
There was not anything that I found to be puzzling

What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
Actually what surprised me the most about this course was how much fun I had with it. Out of all the classes I took this semester I had the most fun with this one

Review on 11,12

Chapter 11 The Senses

• General senses


• Special senses

The senses in humans are a large part of our everyday life. We need them to navigate and to function properly. There are two types of sense receptors in humans, general and special senses. The general senses are pain, light touch, temperature, and position. Some of these senses are encapsulated in nerve endings and some of them are left bare or naked. There are 5 categories that senses fit into and they are mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, and pain receptors. Given this the sensory stimuli can be internal or external.

Special senses are taste, smell, vision, hearing and balance. Taste is very important and it comes from receptor cells in the tongue that have microvilli that once food is broken down in the mouth it bonds to providing taste. There are 5 basic flavors that we taste and they are sweet, sour, bitter,salty, and umami. sweet comes from sugars, sours come from acidic, salty comes from metal ions, bitter comes from chemical substances, and umami is the meaty taste associated with MSG. Smell is acquired by receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium. Smell and taste greatly influence each other.

The visual sense is also a big part of our senses. This comes from the eye. There are 3 distinct layers of the eye and they are the outer layer, the middle layer and the inner layer. The outer layer consists of the sclera and the cornea. These allow the light to enter the eye. The middle layer is the choroid, ciliary body, and the iris. These regulate the light that enters the eye, regulates your lens allowing it to focus, and absorbes stray light.. The inner layer consists of the retina. This responds to the light converting it to nerve impulses.

Hearing and balance go hand in hand. The ear detects sound and body positions enabling us to balance. The ear consists of three parts also the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The outer ear is the auricle, ear lobe and external auditory canal. The auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory canal where it directs it into the ear drum. The middle ear has the ear drum and the ossicles. The ear drum vibrates and sends the vibrations to the cochlea in the inner ear. The inner ear consists of the cochlea, semicircular canals, the saccule and the utricle. This is where it gets converted to nerve impulses that detects head movement and linear acceleration.

With these senses we can navigate as best as possible in modern life. they help us communicate and understand the world around us.



Chapter 12 The Skeleton and muscles

• Structure and function of the skeleton


• Skeletal muscles

The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. Bones provide structure and give shape to the human body. They also provide protection to the internal organs. There are two parts of the skeleton, the axial and the appendicular skeleton. Bone has what is called the compact bone and the spongy bone. The spongy bone is called this because of its spongy appearance. Inside the shafts of the long bones is what is called marrow. There is red marrow called this after its color. It is found in new bornes and produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets that are lost each day. Over time the red marrow turns to what is known as yellow marrow.

The joints in our body are what provide the movement. There are some that are not movable but for the most part we have what is called movable joints. These are known as the ovial joints. These provide a wide degree of movement. These joints are held together by what is known as ligiments. For the most part ligiments are inflexible. Tendons and muscles also provide structure and support in joints. There are laos ball and socket joints and hinge joints. There is a surgery that is known as arthroscopic surgery that can repair damaged joints with little trauma to the joint.

The are a few things that can affect joint and they are arthritis and rheumatiod arthritis. Arthritis is caused by wear and tear on the joints causing cartilage to flake and crack causing the bones to grind together and result in swelling and pain. Rheumatiod arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the synovial membrane gets inflammed. These affected joints can be completely immobilized and/or dislocated causing the bone to collapse. This type of arthritis occurs mostly in people between the ages of 20 and 40. Although it is a permenant condition it can be treated.

In a newborn baby the bones are bowed and are very fragile. Over time they get stronger and they form.In order for this to properly occur you need to have sufficient calcium. Over the course of your life it is likely that you will break a bone. The bones have the ability to repair themselves. Also another problem that adults face is osteoporosis. This is a problem that occurs what the bones get brittle due to lack of calcium. This usually happens in older women, people who have been bed ridden for some time, or exposure to certain metals. Also smoking can affect this disease.

The skeletal muscles

The skeletal muscles play a large part in body movement. They maintain posture in movement and while at rest. These muscles contain fibers that are excitable and contractile. These take nerve impulses to cause muscle contractions. There are what is known as slow twitch and fast twitch fibers. The fast twitch fibers are the ones that perform rapid movement and the slow twitch fibers are what perform the slower movements. Muscles can be bulked up with excersize. In doing so you can also help your endurance.

Ethical Issues Essay

Obesity

• USA-Obesity


• Consumer-marketing


• Physical activity-or not

USA-Obesity

Here is the USA obesity is obviously a problem that is on the rise. It seems that over time this problem keeps getting worse and worse. It is a major problem in the younger generations and these seems to be the generations that are going to impact our future. It is sad that over time, our children have gotten more reliant on video games and television to get their entertainment therefore not getting out and finding things to do to occupy themselves with physical activity. With technology on the rise these modern advantages are really not such good things. And it seems that as the generations progress so does technology and promotions of these things and so does obesity. Also many of the fast food corporations focus on our younger generations.

Consumer-marketing

As I stated before many of the fast food restaurants are focusing on our younger generations. In their marketing they are using more cartoons and kid related icons to promote their food. It is also more readily available for them to get to. With the economy the way that it is, parents are being forced to work more to make ends meet and they do not have the time anymore to make lunches for their children therefore they are resorting to just giving them money to go out and eat. With this happening, the lack of nutritional foods is not there and cannot be regulated. Also with the economy and parents working all the time we tend to resort to making things so readily available for quickness and convenience so the physical activity is going out the window. Back in the old days people had to work hard to make their homes and find food just to survive. It was a way of life and they did not know any better but they were also in way better shape and did not have the obesity problems that we do now.

Physical activity-or not

I do not think that kids and/or adults are not physically active enough. Promotions are all over on gyms and exercise programs but who has the time for that in their busy work and school schedules. I think that the time is there I just think that it gets put on the back burner because of the lifestyles that we live. With all this being said I feel that the obesity problem has been on the rise for many years and is not getting any better.

Unit 3 lab on Muscle function

This lab is to measure the contraction of skeletal muscles under different temperature and fatigue levels. The first thing I am going to do is to put my fingers on my jaw and feel the muscles while they are relaxed and then grit my teeth. When I do this the jaw muscles tighten making them larger. The next thing I am going to do is to wrap a strip of paper around my uper arm relaxed and mark the circumference while the muscle is relaxed. Then I am going to tighten the muscle. When I did this the circumference of the arm got bigger when the muscles tightened.
The next emperiment that I am going to do is to see how the muscles react to temperature and stress. In this I am going to see how many times I can open and close my fist in 20 seconds. The result of this was 28. Then I am going to put my hand in ice water for one minute and try it again. When I did this the result was 17. This stress and temperature change reduced the amount of times I could open and close my fist drastically.

Review for Ch. 13,14

The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. Hormones are the body's chemical messegers that transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Many different hormones move through the bloodstream, but each type of hormone is designed to affect only certain cells.
A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body. Some types of glands release their secretions in specific areas. Exocrine glands such as the sweat and salivary glands release secretions in the skin or inside the mouth. Endocrine glands, on the other hand, release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body.
The major glands that make up the human endocrine system include the:
-hypothalamus
-pituitary gland
-thyroid
-parathyroids
-adrenal glands
-pineal body
-reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)
The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, is the main link between the endocrine and nervous systems. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary.
Although it is no bigger than a pea, the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. It's often called the "master gland" because it makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands. The production and secretion of pituitary hormones can be influenced by factors such as emotions and changes in the seasons. To accomplish this, the hypothalamus provides information sensed by the brain (such as environmental temperature, light exposure patterns, and feelings) to the pituitary.
The tiny pituitary is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. The anterior lobe produces hormones such as:
growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues and plays a role in the body's handling of nutrients and minerals
prolactin which activates milk production in women who are breastfeeding
thyrotropin which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
corticotropin which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce certain hormones
The pituitary also secretes endorphins chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain. In addition, the pituitary secretes hormones that signal the reproductive organs to make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone, which helps control the balance of water in the body. The posterior lobe also produces oxytocin which triggers the contractions of the uterus in a woman having a baby.
The thyroid located in the front part of the lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly and produces the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine.These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy. The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyrotropin which is secreted by the pituitary gland. The more thyroid hormone there is in a person's bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions occur in the body.
Thyroid hormones are very inportant in kids and teens because they help develop the brain and nervous system and also they help bones develop and grow.
Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function together called the parathyroids .They release parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin which is produced in the thyroid.
The body also has two triangular adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands have two parts, each of which produces a set of hormones and has a different function. The outer part which is called the adrenal cortex produces hormones called corticosteroids that influence or regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. The inner part, the adrenal medulla, produces catecholamines,such as epinephrine.Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress.
The pineal body, also called the pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes melatonin a hormone that may help regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake in the morning.
The gonads are the main source of sex hormones. Most people don't realize it, but both guys and girls have gonads. In guys the male gonads, or testes are located in the scrotum. They secrete hormones called androgens the most important of which is testosterone. These hormones tell a guy's body when it's time to make the changes associated with puberty, like penis and height growth, deepening voice, and growth in facial and pubic hair. Working with hormones from the pituitary gland, testosterone also tells a guy's body when it's time to produce sperm in the testes.
A girl's gonads, the ovaries are located in her pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved when a girl begins to go through puberty. During puberty, a girl will experience breast growth, will begin to accumulate body fat around the hips and thighs, and will have a growth spurt. Estrogen and progesterone are also involved in the regulation of a girl's menstrual cycle. These hormones also play a role in pregnancy.
Although the endocrine glands are the body's main hormone producers, some other organs not in the endocrine system - such as the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin - also produce and release hormones. The pancreas is also part of the body's hormone-secreting system, even though it is also associated with the digestive system because it produces and secretes digestive enzymes. The pancreas produces two important hormones, insulin and glucagon. They work together to maintain a steady level of glucose, or sugar, in the blood and to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy as talked about in the previous unit.

Immune System
The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade our systems and cause disease. The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.
The cells that are part of this defense system are white blood cells or leukocytes. They come in two basic types which combine to seek out and destroy the organisms or substances that cause disease.
Leukocytes are produced or stored in many locations throughout the body, including the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. For this reason, they are called the lymphoid organs. There are also clumps of lymphoid tissue throughout the body, primarily in the form of lymph nodes, that have the leukocytes.
The leukocytes circulate through the body between the organs and nodes by means of the lymphatic vessels. You can think of the lymphatic vessels as a type of highway between the rest stops that are the lymphoid organs and lymph nodes. Leukocytes can also circulate through the blood vessels. The immune system works in a coordinated manner to monitor the body for germs or substances that might cause problems.
There are two basic types of leukocytes:
The phagocytes which are cells that chew up invading organisms.
The lymphocytes which are cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them.
A number of different cells are considered phagocytes. The most common type is the neutrophil which primarily fights bacteria. So when doctors are worried about a bacterial infection, sometimes they order a blood test to see if a patient has an increased number of neutrophils triggered by the infection. Other types of phagocytes have their own jobs to make sure that the body responds appropriately to a specific type of invader.
There are two kinds of lymphocytes: the B lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes. Lymphocytes start out in the bone marrow and either stay and mature there to become B cells or leave for the thymus gland, where they mature to become T cells. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes have separate jobs to do: B lymphocytes are like the body's military intelligence system, seeking out their targets and sending defenses to lock onto them. T cells are like the soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence system has identified. Here's how it works.
A foreign substance that invades the body is called an antigen.When an antigen is detected, several types of cells work together to recognize and respond to it. These cells trigger the B lymphocytes to produce antibodies. Antibodies are specialized proteins that lock onto specific antigens. Antibodies and antigens fit together like a key and a lock.
Once the B lymphocytes have produced antibodies, these antibodies continue to exist in a person's body. That means if the same antigen is presented to the immune system again, the antibodies are already there to do their job. That's why if someone gets sick with a certain disease, like chickenpox, that person typically doesn't get sick from it again. This is also why we use immunizations to prevent certain diseases. The immunization introduces the body to the antigen in a way that doesn't make a person sick, but it does allow the body to produce antibodies that will then protect that person from future attack by the germ or substance that produces that particular disease.
Although antibodies can recognize an antigen and lock onto it, they are not capable of destroying it without help. That is the job of the T cells. The T cells are part of the system that destroys antigens that have been tagged by antibodies or cells that have been infected or somehow changed. There are actually T cells that are called "killer cells." T cells are also involved in helping signal other cells like phagocytes to do their jobs.
Antibodies can also neutralize toxins which are poisonous or damaging substances produced by different organisms. Lastly, antibodies can activate a group of proteins called complement that are also part of the immune system. Complement assists in killing bacteria, viruses, or infected cells.
All of these specialized cells and parts of the immune system offer the body protection against disease. This protection is called immunity.
Humans have three types of immunity — innate, adaptive, and passive:
Innate Immunity
Everyone is born with innate or natural immunity, a type of general protection that humans have. Many of the germs that affect other species don't harm us. For example, the viruses that cause leukemia in cats or distemper in dogs don't affect humans. Innate immunity works both ways because some viruses that make humans ill — such as the virus that causes HIV/AIDS — don't make cats or dogs sick either.
Innate immunity also includes the external barriers of the body, like the skin and mucous membranes like those that line the nose, throat, and gastrointestinal tract, which are our first line of defense in preventing diseases from entering the body. If this outer defensive wall is broken like if you get a cut, the skin attempts to heal the break quickly and special immune cells on the skin attack invading germs.
Adaptive Immunity
We also have a second kind of protection called adaptive or active immunity. This type of immunity develops throughout our lives. Adaptive immunity involves the lymphocytes and develops as children and adults are exposed to diseases or immunized against diseases through vaccination.
Passive Immunity
Passive immunity is "borrowed" from another source and it lasts for a short time. For example, antibodies in a mother's breast milk provide an infant with temporary immunity to diseases that the mother has been exposed to. This can help protect the infant against infection during the early years of childhood.
Everyone's immune system is different. Some people never seem to get infections, whereas others seem to be sick all the time. As people get older, they usually become immune to more germs as the immune system comes into contact with more and more of them. That's why adults and teens tend to get fewer colds than kids — their bodies have learned to recognize and immediately attack many of the viruses that cause colds.

Leech Neurons Lab

1. What is the electrode measuring? Electrode measuring is a measuring system that uses an electrode to measure 1 or more electrode surface

2. Why use leeches in neurophysiology experiments? Well leeches seem to be easiest to use and they react better to the UV light

3. What is the difference between a sensory and a motor neuron? A sensory neuron is a unipolar neuron nerve cell that is within the nervous system. It is resposible for converting external stimuli of an organism into internal electric motor reflex loops for involuntary behavior and the avoidance of pain. Motor neurons are neurons in the central nervous system that by projecting axons control muscles indirectly and directly

4. Do you think a leech experiences pain? What is pain? I do not think that the leech experiences pain. Pain is something we feel as a result of injury or operation

5. What were the two most interesting things about doing this lab? I enjoyed this lab because it was very detailed picture and it takes you through step by step

6. Anything you found confusing or didn't like about the lab?Not really I thought it was very explanitoy and it was fun.

Unit Two Lab Project: Graphs

The Bar Graphs

The mean number of all 3 activities

Baseline

Activity 1 Horseback Riding

Activity 2 Riding Bike

Activity 3 Playing Fetch

Unit 2 Lab

This is unit 2 Lab Excersize Physiology


In this lab here I am measuring my pulse, respirations, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure at a stand still and then after each of the three activities I have chose. The purpose of this is making a hypothesis, then using the scientific method to test and see if these number go up or down after activity. Another reason for this activity is to learn to measure the body metabolic measures.


The three activities that I have chose for this lab are horseback riding, riding bike, and playing fetch with the dogs. Below is a chart of my hypothesis of if the rates will go up or down and with all of them I think that they will go up.




---- --------------------- PULSE RESPIRATION RATE BP SYSTOLIC BP DIASTOLIC
ACTIVITY ONE: GO UP GO UP GO UP GO UP



ACTIVITY TWO: GO UP GO UP GO UP GO UP

ACTIVITY THREE: GO UP GO UP GO UP GO UP














Here are the numbers at rest and after each activity. My original hypothesis for each of these activities was correct. I thought that they would all go up and they did.








Baseline Rep1 Rep2 Rep3 Rep4 Rep5 Mean



Pulse 80 83 80 81 80 80.8



Resp 22 22 20 21 21 21



Systolic 121 130 126 131 130 127.6



Diastolic 80 85 8386 80 82.8



Activity 1



Horseback Riding



Pulse 94 98 96 99 90 95.4



Resp 36 33 35 33 30 33.4



Systolic 135 140 138 140 133 137.2



Diastolic 90 93 92 94 90 91.8



Activity 2



Riding Bike



Pulse 96 99 95 94 93 95.4



Resp 40 42 42 40 44 41.6



Systolic 141 143 140 145 146 143



Diastolic 90 92 92 95 97 93.2



Activity 3-



Playing Fetch



Pulse 84 82 83 80 83 82.4



Resp 25 24 24 21 23 23.4



Systolic 136 133 134 130 133 133.2



Diastolic 83 80 85 84 84 83.2

Self and Unit Evaluation

1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I cant say that there was anything in particular out of the whole thing that was I especially more than the others
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
I need to figure out how to attach the thing I do to my blog because I am having a rough time with some of it.
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I am not sure because I had to turn in some things late because of family emergencies and I do not like to do that.
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
Try to get a sooner jump on it that way if something comes up like it did this time I am not trying to juggle everything and be stressed about school and family at the same time.

Unit Evaluation
At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
I enjoy doing the labs

At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
When I was in Chicago taking care of my very ill grandpa

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
I am just really thankful for the understanding of Mr. Frolich during my time of chaos

What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
I have not found any of it to be confusing or puzzling so far

What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
This whole unit was surprising and I enjoyed it very much

Compendium Review Ch. 5,6,&7

Chapter 5 Nutrition & Digestion

Food Pyramid- A table that provides the 6 major food groups for proper nutrition

web.mit.edu/.../sportsmedicine/wcrfoodpyr.html

These six groups starting at the top begin with:

• Fats, oils and sweets
  
• Milk, yogurt and cheese
  
• Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans,eggs and nuts
  
• Vegtables
  
• Fruit
  
• Bread, cereal, rice and pasta
  

Classified in this area is two nutrients that are vital to keep proper balance. Macronutrients and micronutrients.

Marconutrients include water, amino acids and protiens, lipids, and carbohydrates.

The main macronutrient is water. This is the most inportant and it is supplied in many things that we eat and drink. It is needed for chemical reactions in the body and aids in the breakdown of many substances. This process is called hydrolysis. This is when water is added to a covelant bond causing it to split.

student.biology.arizona.edu/honors2003/group1...

Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals in minute amounts. Vitamins play a key role in chemical reactions in the body. They are an organic compound that maintains proper balance. There are 2 kinds of vitamins, water soluble and fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins are carried in the blood plasma and they are eliminated in the kidneys so they are not stored in the body. The fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body.

An excess of certain vitamins can cause major problems.

Minerals are derived from foods. 3/4 of all minerals that are out there are in humans.

Functional foods provide you with more than just the basic nutrients

Carbohydrates are an organic compound. There are three groups of carbohydrates and they are monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the smallest of the carbs. It is the most common and the most important glucose which is what provides energy. This is needed for metabolism, food digestion, absorption, and as well as talking walking and body movement. Disaccharides are a combination of 2 monosaccharides. There is a large partical called a polymer that is made up of many smaller particals. Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers. The most common building block is glucose. Plants synthesis two polysaccharides which are starch and cellulose. Animals synthesis and polysaccharide called glycogen. Stach in produced in plants in the leaves and is stored in the roots. when this is ate it breaks down into glucose molecules and provides energy. Cellulose is found only in plants and it cannot be digested by humans. We lack the enzymes to break it down. And although it cannot be digested by humans it is needed in the principle form of dietary fiber. Dietary fiber is found in fruits, vegtables and grains. There are two types of dietary fibers water soluble fiber and water insoluble fiber. Water soluble fiber is a gummy polysaccharide that works to lower cholesterol by acting like a sponge and absorbing it in the digestive tract. Water insoluble fibers are rigid cellulose molecules that increase the water content in feces and help transport it through the large intestine.

Glycogen is what is called the "animal starch." This ensures proper blood sugar levels. The livers stores this glycogen and releases it in times of low blood sugar to help maintain the body.

Lipids are a greasy, waxy, oily compound that stores energy and is structurly diverse. One type of lipid is tiyglycerides. These are fats that contain 4 units that consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Triglycerides are stored in cells beneath the skin and they are used to protect organs from impact.

cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/membrane_intro.htm

Saturated Fats are filled with hydrogen. Unsaturated fats are fatty acids that contain a number of covelant bonds. There is also polyunsaturated fats. These reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. This is a buildup of cholesterol deposits or plaque in an artery wall that restricts blood flow to the heart and brain causing heart attacks and strokes.

Trans fatty acid- increases blood cholesterol

Steroids consist of 3 six carbon rings and 1 five carbon ring and they are joined in a large structure.

Protiens are broken down to make amino acids and in turn amino acids are broke down to make enzymes and hormones in cells.

Overnutrition

• obesity
  
• overweight
  
• too much protien
  
• causes diabetes and osteoarthritis
  
• causes heart attacks and strokes
  
  

www.truehealth.org/obesity.html

Undernutrition

• lack of protien
  
• skinny
  
• emaciated
  
• muscle breaks down to provide energy
  
  

www.bio.davidson.edu/.../2002/tech/ecopoly.html

Digestive System

www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/.../107/LP-humans.html

This is the system in which food enters the body and eventually leaves the body.

The process starts at the mouth where the food enters. The mouth breaks down the food mechanically by liquifying with saliva. Your salive kills some bacteria and cleanses your teeth. Without proper care of the teeth you can develope plaque whick traps bacteria on the teeth and rots the enamel. Enamel is needed on your teeth because it is the natural barrier that protects them. You must also keep you gums clean so you do not develope gingivits. Gingivits is a bacteria that gets trapped at the base of the gums and rots away the bone structure that the teeth are attached to in turn allowing your teeth to fall out. Another part of the mouth that plays a key roll is the tounge. Your tounge has the taste buds. It pushes the food to the pharynx which is funnel shaped and connects to the esophagus. The involuntary muscle action that helps propel your food towards the stomach is called peristalsis. Inside the esophagus is the eppiglottis. This prevents food from going down the trachea.

As food enters the lower esophagus a sphincter opens that allows the food to enter the stomach.The next place that the food goes is the stomach. This is where food is stored and eventually released in small amounts into the small intestine. Your stomach lies on the left side of your body and is protected by the rib cage. Once in the stomach your gastric glands release acidic secrections which aid in the breakdown of the food. With the use of the stomach muscle, saliva and acid, your stomach now produces a watery paste which was your food. This watery paste is known as chyme and your stomach can hold 2-4 liters of chyme. There are only a few substance such as alcohol that can pierce the lining of the stomach and enter the blood stream. Your stomach lining is protected by mucus. When this lining becomes erroded by stress, caffine in excess, asprin, nicotine, and alcohol you can develope ulcers. Ulcers are open sores that bleed into the stomach.

Now the chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. This is where food is digested and absorbed. This tube is approx 6 meters long in adults. The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The digestion that takes place in the small intestine needs enzymes in which it relys on two sources to recieve these enzymes. The pancreas is one of these sources. It has and encride and exocrine function. The endocrine function is where it releases enzymes to help the food in the small intestine break down. The exocrine function is where it produces and releases insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose levels. The pancreas produces 1200-1500 ml of juices that are released into the small intestine.

Next is the liver. This is one of the largest and most versitil organs. It stores glucose, fats and many micronutrients. It also releases them as needed by the body. It also synthesizes blood prtiens that are involed in clotting. The liver produces bile that digests fats. Bile salts also aid in this process. The bile then goes to the gall bladder. Here all the water is removed and the bile is stored until needed. When the bile gets blocked the blockage is know as gall stones. Gall stones are deposits of cholesterol and other materials that block the flow of bile. They often are found in older overweight people and can be removed surgically.

The next is the large intestine. It is approx. 1.5 meters long and has 4 regions. Starting at the small intestine they are the cecum, appendix, colon and the rectum. The cecum is a pouch that is below the junction of the large and small intestine. The appendix is a small worm like structure that attaches to the cecum. Most of the large intestine consists of the colon. The colon is relitively straight and consists of the ascending colon, the decending colon and the transverse colon. From here the colon empties into the rectum. The colon absorbes 90% of water and sodium and after they are absorbed you have the final product which is called feces. Feces is primarily undigested food, indigestible material, and bacteria. When the rectum gets full with fecal matter, it ditends the organ. Then it stimulates the defication reflex. Then nerve impulses travel to the spinal cord. Defication does not occur until the external sphincter relaxes which is why generally we can control this function.

The Circulatory System


www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?arti...

One of the bodies chief homeostactic systems is the circulatory system. This system contains the heart, the pump and two circuits which are the pulmonary circuit and the systematic circuit. The pulmonay circuit delivers blood to and from the lungs and the systematic circuit delivers blood to the body and returns it to the heart. The heart consists of four chambers. Two of these are atria and two of these are ventricles. The right ventricle and the right atrium serve the pulmonary circuit and the left venticle and the left atrium serve the systematic circuit and also pump blood into the aorta. When the bllod is returning from the body tissue, it is low in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. It is recieved by the right atruim through the superior and inferior vena cavae. This high in carbon dioxide low in oxygen is then pumped into the right ventricle to the lungs where it is resupplied with oxygen and stripped of most of the carbon dioxide. It returns to the heart though the pulmonary vein and emters into the left atruim. Once in the left atrium, it goes to the left ventricle where then it released into the aorta which then pumps it throughout the body to supply oxygen to the tissues and organs and picks up cellular wastes.The heart has an interal pacemaker which is called the sinoatrial node. This node on its own produces 100 contractions per minute. During sress or excersize, the heart rate increases to help keep up with the bodies demand. Also the hearts valves controls the direction of the blood flow through the heart. If electrical activity of the heart muscles change it can be detected by what is called an ECG or otherwise known as electrocardiogram. This is where they can attach electrodes to your body that can detect irregularities through the disruption of the waves.

The blood vessels are what disrtibute blood throughout the body. Blood is ditributed through the body in arteries and returned to the heart in veins. The aorta has many elastic arteries and form muscular arteries that expand and contract with the blood flow. These help the blood as it leaves the heart in the aorta to get pumped to the cappilaries. In the walls of the arteries is a smooth muscle that expands and contracts to a variety of different stimuli that controls the blood flow. Blood pressure and flow rate start out high in the aorta and end up reduced the further it travels to help with the rate of exchange between the blood and tissues. There are many networks or cappilary beds throughout the body system. These help echange wastes and nutrients between the tissue and the capillary network. With the help of gravity the blood above the heart is able to drain but the blood below the heart relies on the body movement to push it up and on the valves there are flaps of tissue that prevent backflow.

The lymphatic ststem is an important function in immune protection. There are several things that help with that including the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and tonsils. The lymphatic system also drains excess interstitial fluids from the body tissue and transports it to the blood stream.

Hypertension is high blood pressure that can result in heart attacks and strokes. Often times this elevates over a long period of time and is not noticed until it is critical.

Heart attacks can occur very rapidly or they can happen over a period of time. If it is over a period of time usually a pain called angina is felt and this is when the blood flow is restricted to the heart. The most common heart attack is called myocardial infarction and this is usually caused by a blood clot that eventaully breaks loose and gets lodged in an artery which causes a decrease in the blood flow.

There are many different blood types. Blood consists of two basic components one of which is the plasma. The plasma has dissolved nutrients, rpotiens, gases, and and wastes that for the white blood cells and the red blood cells and platlets. The white blood cells are part of the bodies protective mechanisms that combat microorganisms. They work mainly outside the bllod stream in the tissue and are produced in the bone marrow. The red blood cells are produced by red bone marrow. The blood plasma makes up about 55% of human blood. There is also what is known as platlets. Platlets are needed in the blood clotting mechanisms.

Ethical Issue Essay

Food is a big issue in America today...whats good and whats bad?? Well I think that there is no real answer to that question. Even though we need food to live most of the time the things that we eat are killing us in a sense. Some things that you see say eat more greens and less meat and on the other hand there are people that say that meat is the way to go. I am a big meat fan. I like the vegtables also to go with the meat I just think that meat is a good part of any meal.
With that being said, I have an issue about the meats that you get from the grocery store. With all the things that they put in animals these days as far as hormones and steroids for better growth and production, I do not think that this is the way to go. I do not always buy organic things but I am very picky about my meat if I have to buy it from the store. I have been very fortunate to have been able to raise my own beef and pork since I was 10. When I go to the store and get meat there it is amazing how much that home grown beef or pork and store bought meat do not taste anything alike. Other than the processing and the time it sits before it reaches the customer, there is a reason that it tastes so off. That should be a red flag. But with all the theories out there about the things to eat and not to eat, I think the key to eating healthy is to stay away from the things that you know are bad for you and have a little bit of portion control.

Blood Pressure Lab

1.State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to blood pressure. Well typically men tend to have higher blood pressure than women and also younger people do not have the high blood pressure that older people do.

2.Use your knowledge about the heart and the circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average blood pressure for a group of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of the group members. As I stated in the previous question, the younger the generation typically have lower blood pressure and the men generally have higher blood pressure. There are factors though that can change this up some and they would be things like smokers and drinkers, also high stress.

3.How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record?*After taking an average blood pressure of the two genders and the differnt age ranges, I can look for the blood pressure that is not in the mormal range then I can look to find out why that is.Then it is possible to record the numbers of the different genders and age groups.

4.Analyze the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.After observing all the different age groups and the genders, I have found that the younger generations typically have the lower blood pressure unless they had the familt history of obesity, smoking, drinking, and stresses.

5.Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group blood pressure averages?The results of my experiments does support my hypothesis. I can conclude that younger poeple have lower blood pressure and men generally have higher blood pressure.

6.During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any blood pressure reading that were outside of the normal range for the group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high reading? Yes there were a few that were out of the norm and in their charts were things like drinking, smoking, family history and obesity that would cause these higher numbers.

7.List risk factors associated with the hypertension. Based on your observation, which risk factor do you think is most closely associated with hypertension?Some of the risk factors of hypertension are gender, drinking, smoking, age, family history and obesity. In my opinion there is not just one of these things that is a higher risk than another hypertension is bad no matter what causes it.

8.What effect might obesity have on blood pressure? Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for high blood pressure? What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase a person's risk for high blood pressure? Well with obesity comes a poor diet. The fact that obestity is a major factor on blood pressure it usually is not the only risk that causes the high blood pressure. There are other things such as the smoking and drinking or drugs that can also go with obesity that can raise your blood pressure.

My Daily Food Lab (Mini Lab 2)

This is my daily food lab. I would have to say the food I ate this day was not very good because I have been out of state and when you are not at home you do not tend to eat very healthy things. The fat content was high but I was inside the peramiters for calories. When I am at home I tend to cook the more healthy foods and we do eat a lot of meat. With the meats I try to get a fair amount of vegtables and usually potatoes which is about the worst of the meal because of the starch.

As far as the drinks go I drink a lot of water. Occationally I do drink a cup of coffee or a soda but I do not think it is enough to hurt anything. I think with a little more planning I could have ate healthier on my trip but it was last minute so I did not have time to think much about my food.

Self and unit evaluation

Regarding my own performance
1. What were the three aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of?
I am most proud of the cell lab. I did one cell first off and after I completed it I thought of some different ways that I could do it so I started over with it. Another aspect of this was that it was hands on and I learn the best that way. Another thing is is that it was very fun.
2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement?
The two aspects of my submitted assignments that I could have improved on was that I could have done the cell even more detailed. I also could have done better reviews had I known every aspect of what needed to be done.
3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit?
I do not know that I could say what grade I should get on this because I know that I tried really hard on it but I also know that I struggled some so my work is probably not all that it should be. Now that I have a just of whats going on I will deserve an A on the next unit:)
4. How could I perform better in the next unit?
As I said before, I will do so much better in the next unit because I know now the things that are needed to be done. In the first unit I also figured out different ways of taking notes that will more benefit me.

REGARDING THE UNIT (adapted from Stephen Brookfield, University of St. Thomas "Critical Incident Questionnaire")
1. At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course?
There was not really any one specific time in this unit that I felt engaged because I was lost though some of it. But I did feel like I was engaged in the building of the cell.
2. At what moment unit did you feel most distanced from the course?
I felt most distant from the course in the whole beginning until I got the hang of it. It was also hard trying to get my other work done.
3.What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful?
The action that was most helpful was the teacher understanding my frustration because I am a hands on learner and I was having a hard time
4. What action that anyone (teacher or student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing?
There was nothing that anyone did during the unit that made it more confusing.
5. What about this unit surprised you the most? (This could be something about your own reactions to the course, something that someone did, or anything else that occurs to you.)
The thing that surprised me the most about this unit was the amount of material in it. I had a hard time keeping up with it because it took me a while to understand what was going on.

Ethical issue essay

The matter of cloning has been an ethical and moral issue from the beginning. Givin the many risks of cloning the sucess rate is very low. Even if the odds of sucess are increased, there is still problems that can arise during and after pregnancy. So the question is, is what is the possible implications of cloning to society. Some of the issues about cloning are discussed in this essay.
1.What are the benefits?
Some of the said benefits of cloning are that they can identify human disease genes and duplicate them for further study. Another benefit would be in agriculture. A farmer could clone his best stock and keep from contracting diseases. Also it is said that transplant patients can benefit from cloning. Scientists have inserted human DNA into animals and used them for transplates to replace diseased human parts.
2.What are the risks?
Some of the risks of cloning is tha there is a very low sucess rate. Many cloned aniamls die very quickly or are ill deformed. Although scientists may be able to fuse cells from two seperate sources, they cannot control whether the newly developed cell developes normally. The number of clones that actually make it face issues such as immune system problems, abnormally large organs, and other organ diseases.
3.What do I think of cloning?
I think that cloning is manipulating what should occur naturally. I feel that the sucess rate does not excede the failure status.Withtit not being tried and true I think that it is a waste of lives. Although the only way to get better sucess rates is to keep trying, I feel that they need to know more about it before continuing.
So with all the pros and cons of cloning, the cons out weigh the pros. Although this has aroused worldwide interest, it is still a big concern as far as the ethical and moral issues of this process goes. Due to the ineffieciency of animal cloning, I feel that there should be no human cloning.

Unit one lab project:Building a cell

This is a model of a cell using play-doh, candles, stiro foam, paint, tooth picks, shoestrings, and glue.

The red around the edges of the foam is the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is the outer layer of the cell that controls what goes in and out of the cell. This contains lipids and protiens.

The small bundles of yellow candles represents the centriole. The centiole is an organelle consisting of microtubules.

The purple/yellow represents the nucleus which is the control center of the cell that contains the DNA of the cell.It has control over the structure and function of the cell. The purple is the nuclear envelope and the nuclear pores. The nuclear envelope is surrounding the nucleus and the nuclear pores are minute openings in the nuclear envelope that allow things to pass in and out of the nucleus. The yellow in the picture represents the chromatin. This is threadlike fibers that contain the DNA and the protiens in the nucleus.

The purple ball in the nucleus is the nucleolus.

The red string is the golgi complex. This is flattened membranes that has channels in which molecules are chemically modified and sorted.
The tooth picks represent cytoplasm. This is material that occupies the cytoplasmic compartment.

The shostrings represent two things, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smmoth endoplasmic reticulum. The rought has small dots of yellow on it and it is covered in ribosomes. The smooth is just the string and it has no ribosomes.

The light blue dot is the lysosome. This is a membrane bond organelle that contains enzymes
The light blue oval with the yellow in the middle is the mitochondria. The mitochondria is where the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system is.

And here is a picture of the final product of the cell.

Here is a picture of DNA replication. The process of DNA replication is where the DNA strand seperates and duplicates forming two seperate strands each of which has a DNA double helix.